La Fiesta de los Reyes Magos (Spain)

La Fiesta de los Reyes Magos, the 'Cabalgata’ of Cadiz (Spain).

In Spain, Three Kings' Day ("Día de los Reyes Magos") is a significant celebration that marks the visit of the three wise men—Melchior, Gaspar, and Balthazar—to the baby Jesus, bringing him gifts. It holds great cultural and religious importance and is often considered a continuation of the Christmas festivities.

On the evening of January 5th, vibrant parades known as "cabalgatas" take place across the country. These parades feature elaborate floats, music, and the distribution of candy to spectators, delighting both children and adults.

The following morning, children eagerly wake up to discover gifts left by the three kings, provided they have behaved well; otherwise, they may receive a symbolic lump of coal, often made of sugar.

Families also gather to enjoy a traditional "Roscón de Reyes," a ring-shaped sweet bread adorned with candied fruits. Hidden inside the roscón are small surprises: a toy and a bean. The person who finds the toy is crowned king or queen for the day, while the one who finds the bean traditionally assumes the responsibility of providing the roscón the following year.

King Philip II of Spain's desk at the Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Spain)

King Philip II of Spain's desk at the Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Spain).

After completion of the Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial in 1584, King Philip II of Spain worked from his office there till his death in 1598. During these years in the Escorial, Philip II made some of the most significant decisions that shaped the destiny of Spain and its vast empire. His reign from the Escorial was marked by a blend of religious, political, and military strategies aimed at consolidating Spanish hegemony in Europe and beyond.

One of Philip II’s most defining decisions was the continuation of the Spanish Armada’s preparations against England, culminating in the ill-fated 1588 naval campaign. This endeavor was driven by a combination of religious zeal to restore Catholicism in Protestant England and strategic considerations to curb English interference in Spanish interests.

Philip II also played a pivotal role in managing Spain’s territorial empire, including the administration of the Americas, the Spanish Netherlands, and various Italian states. His decisions on colonial expansion and the protection of trade routes from piracy ensured Spain's economic dominance, albeit strained by military expenses.

Religious orthodoxy remained central to his rule, with Philip enforcing the decrees of the Council of Trent. He strengthened the Spanish Inquisition to maintain Catholic purity, making Spain the bulwark of Counter-Reformation Europe. His rule also saw the completion of the Escorial itself, reflecting his belief in the unity of church and state.

Furthermore, Philip navigated complex European alliances and conflicts, including wars with France and revolts in the Netherlands. His policies aimed at suppressing Protestant uprisings while maintaining Spain's influence across the continent.

Philip II’s governance from the Escorial thus encompassed critical decisions that influenced European geopolitics, religious dynamics, and global exploration. His legacy remains deeply intertwined with the history of early modern Europe and the enduring image of the Escorial as a symbol of imperial grandeur and devout kingship.

Philip II of Spain (1565). Museo del Prado, Madrid

Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Spain).

The Battle of Belchite (Spain)

The ruins of Belchite.

The Battle of Belchite was a pivotal and harrowing episode of the Spanish Civil War, fought between August 24 and September 7, 1937. Situated in the province of Zaragoza in northeastern Spain, Belchite became the focus of a Republican offensive aimed at diverting Nationalist forces away from their northern campaigns. The battle was characterized by intense urban warfare, relentless bombardments, and heavy casualties on both sides. What began as a strategic military operation ended in the near-total destruction of the town, leaving behind a legacy of devastation and a powerful symbol of the war's brutality. The ruins of Belchite stand today as a haunting reminder of the conflict and the deep divisions that scarred Spain during this turbulent period.

Old village of Belchite,
the young shepherds no longer roam there,
the jotas our fathers sang
will no longer be heard.

Written on the door of the San Martín de Tours church in Belchite in 1937 by one of the last victims of the battle.

The Church of Sant Vicenç in Besalú (Spain)

The Church of Sant Vicenç in Besalú.

The Church of Sant Vicenç in Besalú, dating to the 12th century with origins in 977, showcases Romanesque and transitional Gothic styles. Notable features include its three naves, intricate door carvings, and a Gothic tomb of Pere de Rovira, who brought Saint Vicenç’s relics in 1413. It also houses a reliquary of the True Cross, gifted in 1923.

Altar Frontal from Sant Martí in Puigbò (Spain)

Altar Frontal from Sant Martí in Puigbò (12th century), MEV, Museu d’Art Medieval, Vic (Spain).

The Altar Frontal from Sant Martí in Puigbò is a beautiful example of Romanesque art from Catalonia, created between 1120 and 1150. The frontal features a geometric style typical of the Romanesque period, reflecting the religious and artistic values of the time. This anonymous work, likely painted by an artist influenced by the renowned Master of the Baldachin from Ribes, combines refined iconography with a popular artistic tradition.

The frontal, originally from the parish church of Sant Martí in Puigbò (located near Puigbò Castle in the Ripollès region), depicts four scenes from the life of Saint Martin, the church’s patron saint. The scenes are arranged in four compartments:

1. Saint Martin on horseback sharing his chlamys (a cloak) with a poor man, a well-known act of charity.

2. The resurrection of a convert, where Saint Martin brings a dead man back to life before he is baptized.

3. The death of Saint Martin, showing his final moments.

4. Two angels taking Saint Martin’s soul to heaven, symbolizing his divine reward.

These scenes are framed by a horizontal Latin inscription that reads: “For being generous with the poor man on Earth, Martin now resides in Heaven.” The work is noted for its bold use of color and simple, expressive figures, typical of the Romanesque style, which was intended to convey religious messages to a largely illiterate audience. The frontal serves both as a decorative and didactic piece, emphasizing Saint Martin's virtues of charity and faith.

Urban Echoes from Ripoll (Spain)

Urban Echoes from Ripoll (Spain).

Ripoll is a charming town in the heart of Catalonia, known for its rich history and welcoming atmosphere. It is home to the world-famous portal of the Santa Maria de Ripoll monastery, a stunning example of Romanesque art. But Ripoll is not just about history – it plays a vital role in shaping the future too. The Institut Abat Oliba is a key education center for young people from the region. Many students travel to Ripoll by bus or train to study here, as the school offers excellent programs in administrative, sports, and technical fields. This makes Ripoll a hub of learning and opportunity for the next generation.

Olvera (Spain)

Iglesia Arciprestal de Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación, Olvera.

Located on a hilltop in Andalusia, Olvera is a town that reflects centuries of history. Its position has made it an important place for thousands of years.

The name Olvera likely has Arabic roots, showing its complex past. Under Roman rule, it was a thriving settlement. When the Moors took over, it became a key outpost on the Moorish frontier.

The Christian reconquest in the 13th century was another turning point for Olvera. The town was freed and turned into a fortified stronghold. The large castle, a symbol of its military importance, still stands tall today.

Throughout the years, Olvera has seen a mix of cultures, each influencing the town’s buildings, language, and traditions. The historic center, with its winding streets and whitewashed houses, acts like a living museum, showing how the town has changed over time.

Today, Olvera lets visitors step back in time and explore the rich history and culture of Andalusia. Its key location and historical importance make it a fascinating place for anyone looking for a genuine and memorable experience.

Almonaster la Real

The Mezquita de Almonaster.

Located in the hills of Andalusia, Almonaster la Real is a town rich in history. Its name, meaning "the royal monastery" in Arabic, reflects its diverse past. Many cultures have influenced this town, shaping its buildings, landscape, and people.

Almonaster began as a Roman outpost and saw the influence of the Visigoths, Moors, and Christians. Each group left a mark, creating a unique blend of influences. The town's main attraction is its mosque, a stunning example of the Islamic Golden Age. This building combines Roman, Visigothic, and Islamic styles, symbolizing cultural exchange and coexistence.

Almonaster la Real is also known for its natural beauty. Surrounded by the Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche mountains, the town provides a peaceful escape from modern life. Its whitewashed houses with colorful flower pots create a charming and relaxing atmosphere.

Visitors can explore ancient streets, admire architectural treasures, and enjoy the serene environment. Almonaster la Real offers an unforgettable experience where time seems to slow down, letting visitors connect with both the past and present.

Almonaster la Real.

Cáceres

Cáceres, a city nestled in the heart of Extremadura, Spain, is a living testament to the enduring spirit of human history. Its cobbled streets, imposing medieval architecture, and serene plazas offer a captivating glimpse into centuries past. With a legacy stretching back to Roman times, Cáceres has evolved into a harmonious blend of ancient and modern, earning its place on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The city's history is as rich and layered as the patina on its ancient walls. From its Roman foundations to its Moorish occupation, Cáceres has witnessed the ebb and flow of empires and cultures. The medieval period, however, left an indelible mark on the city's character. Its imposing palaces, fortified mansions, and imposing churches, many converted from defensive structures, stand as silent sentinels of a bygone era.

Cáceres has also found unexpected fame in the modern world, thanks to its role as a stunning backdrop for the globally acclaimed television series, "Game of Thrones." The city's medieval charm and dramatic landscapes provided the perfect canvas for the show's creators, transforming Cáceres into a sought-after destination for fans eager to step into the world of Westeros.

Today, Cáceres is not merely a city; it's a living museum, a stage where history and fantasy intertwine. Its cobblestone streets echo with the footsteps of centuries, while its modern vibrancy promises an unforgettable experience for visitors from around the world.

The Segunda Biblia de Pamplona. A Medieval Treasure

An illustration from the Segunda Biblia de Pamplona (12th century) depicting:

Joshua 10, 12-13: On the day the Lord gave the Amorites over to Israel, Joshua said to the Lord in the presence of Israel: “Sun, stand still over Gibeon, and you, moon, over the Valley of Aijalon.” So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till the nation avenged itself on its enemies.

Joshua 10, 26:  Then Joshua put the kings to death and exposed their bodies on five poles, and they were left hanging on the poles until evening.

In the heart of medieval Spain, in the kingdom of Navarre, a masterpiece of unparalleled beauty was created: the Segunda Biblia de Pamplona. More than just a religious text, this illuminated manuscript is a time capsule that transports us to a world of faith, art, and royal grandeur.

Commissioned by a member of the Navarrese royal family, this Bible is a testament to the patronage of the arts during the Middle Ages. The manuscript's intricate details and high quality reflect the skills of the artisans who created it.

The most striking feature of the Segunda Biblia de Pamplona is its collection of beautifully painted miniatures depicting biblical scenes. These illustrations are not only visually stunning but also provide valuable insights into the religious beliefs and artistic techniques of the time.

Created in the 12th century, this manuscript is a prime example of Romanesque art. Today, it resides in a private collection and is considered one of the most significant illuminated Bibles in existence.

One of the biblical stories depicted in the Segunda Biblia de Pamplona is the tale of Joshua and the conquest of Canaan. This dramatic narrative, where Joshua calls upon God to make the sun and moon stand still, is a testament to the power of faith and the divine intervention in human affairs.

The Sun Also Rises, Burguete (Spain)

Burguete, Navarre (Spain).

Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" (1926) is highly relevant today amidst the conflicts in Gaza, Lebanon and Ukraine. This is due to its exploration of themes like disillusionment, trauma, and the search for meaning in (the aftermath of) war. The novel's portrayal of characters grappling with the psychological scars of World War I resonates with the experiences of individuals affected by modern conflicts, who face similar struggles with loss, mental health, and existential uncertainty.

In the story, the village of Burguete serves as a serene retreat for the main character, Jake Barnes, and his friend Bill Gorton. Their time in Burguete, characterized by peaceful fishing trips and reflective conversations, provides a temporary escape from the chaos and emotional turmoil of their lives. This interlude highlights the human need for moments of respite and healing, even amidst the ongoing struggles and complexities brought about by war.

Bluefin tuna fishing in Tarifa (Spain)

Tarifa, situated at the southernmost tip of Spain, is renowned for its rich fishing heritage, particularly bluefin tuna fishing. This region benefits from its unique geographical position, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean, creating ideal conditions for a diverse marine ecosystem. Bluefin tuna, a highly prized species, has been a cornerstone of Tarifa's fishing industry for centuries.

The traditional method of bluefin tuna fishing in Tarifa is known as "almadraba," a technique that dates back to Phoenician times. This sustainable method involves setting nets in the migration paths of tuna, allowing for selective and efficient capture. Modern practices in Tarifa continue to honor these ancient techniques while incorporating sustainable practices to ensure the preservation of tuna populations.

Charles III of Navarre and Eleanor of Castile

Charles III of Navarre (1361 – 1425) and Eleanor of Castile (1363 – 1415), a powerful royal duo, are eternally united in the grand tomb within Pamplona Cathedral. Their shared final resting place symbolizes the intertwining of their lives and the significant roles they played in shaping the history of Navarre and Castile. Charles, known as "the Noble," focused on diplomacy and internal stability, while Eleanor, a Castilian princess, brought strategic alliances and cultural influence to Navarre. Together, they fostered a period of prosperity and left an enduring legacy, commemorated in the majestic tomb that stands as a testament to their historical importance.

Basilica of San Martiño de Mondoñedo (Spain)

The Basilica of San Martiño de Mondoñedo, located in Galicia in Spain, holds a significant place in Spanish history as one of the oldest cathedrals in the country. Its origins date back to the 9th century when it served as the seat of two bishops from the Kingdom of Galicia, one transferred from Dumio in the district of Braga, Portugal, and the other from Bretoña in the province of Lugo.

Constructed in the late 11th century in the Romanesque style, with robust buttresses added in the 18th century, the basilica has been recognized as a Cultural Heritage site since 1931 and attained the status of a minor basilica in 2007. The basilica is also home to the A Zapata fountain, where legend has it that Bishop San Gonzalo miraculously caused water to spring forth by throwing his shoe.

The history of the church traces back to the 6th century when a group of Christians fleeing Anglo-Saxon invaders settled in Galicia and established a bishopric in Bretoña. Later, in 866, the bishopric of Dumio relocated to the site of the basilica due to Moorish conquests, eventually evolving into San Martín de Mondoñedo. However, Viking raids in the mid-9th century led to the destruction of Bretoña, prompting the bishopric to move once again, this time permanently to Mondoñedo.

The basilica was home to several notable bishops, including Saint Rosendo and Bishop Gonzalo, revered for his purported miraculous interventions. In 1112, Queen Urraca ordered the transfer of the episcopal see to Vilamaior do Val de Brea, later renamed Mondoñedo, leading to the basilica's transformation into a priory affiliated with the Mondoñedo Cathedral. This measure, enacted by Pope Clement VII in 1534, aimed to curb abuses by prior commendators and ensure proper governance of the monastery. Today, the basilica stands as a testament to the enduring faith and architectural heritage of the region, inviting visitors to explore its rich history and cultural significance.

El Cid

El Cid’s statue in Burgos (Spain).

El Cid, born Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar around 1043 in Vivar, near Burgos, Spain, is one of the most celebrated figures in Spanish history. Known as both a revered hero and a skilled military leader, El Cid's life and legacy have been immortalized in legend and literature, most notably in the epic poem "El Cantar de Mio Cid."

Rodrigo Díaz was born into a noble Castilian family and rose to prominence as a knight under King Ferdinand I of León and Castile. His nickname, "El Cid," is derived from the Arabic title "Al-Sayyid," meaning "The Lord," reflecting the respect he commanded from both Christian and Muslim soldiers. His military prowess became evident as he fought in various campaigns, earning the trust of King Sancho II of Castile, under whom he served as a chief general.

El Cid's career, however, was marked by both triumphs and conflicts. After King Sancho's assassination, Rodrigo found himself at odds with King Alfonso VI, Sancho's brother and successor. This led to his temporary exile, during which El Cid offered his military services as a mercenary to various Muslim and Christian rulers, further enhancing his reputation as a formidable and independent warrior.

His most famous achievements came during his later years, when he captured the city of Valencia in 1094, ruling it as an independent lord until his death in 1099. El Cid's governance of Valencia was marked by a degree of tolerance and cooperation between Christians and Muslims, a reflection of the complex and multicultural society of medieval Spain.

El Cid's legacy endures as a symbol of Spanish chivalry, honor, and military skill. His life has inspired countless works of art, literature, and folklore, making him a national icon whose influence resonates even centuries after his death.

Mérida: A Pillar of Roman Hispania

The ‘Teatro Romano’ of Mérida.

Mérida, known as Emerita Augusta during Roman times, stands as a remarkable testament to the grandeur and sophistication of Roman civilization in Hispania. Founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, Mérida quickly became one of the most important cities in the Roman Empire, serving as the capital of the province of Lusitania. Its strategic location and the wealth of monumental architecture left behind highlight the city's historical significance and its role as a cultural and administrative hub.

Importance of Mérida in Roman Times: Mérida was established as a retirement settlement for veteran soldiers of the legions that had fought in the Cantabrian Wars, symbolizing peace and stability. Its design followed the classic Roman city layout, featuring a forum, temples, aqueducts, and an extensive road network that connected it to other major cities. Mérida's prosperity was further augmented by its fertile surrounding lands and its position as a key trading and administrative center. The city boasted numerous public buildings and structures that underscored its prominence, including the magnificent Teatro Romano.

The Roman Theatre of Mérida is one of the most splendid and well-preserved examples of Roman architecture in Spain. Built between 16 and 15 BC under the patronage of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a close friend and son-in-law of Emperor Augustus, the theatre could accommodate up to 6,000 spectators. It served as a central venue for the performance of classical plays, showcasing the rich cultural life of the city.

The theatre's design exemplifies Roman engineering prowess, featuring a semicircular seating arrangement (cavea) that ensured excellent acoustics, a richly decorated stage front (scaenae frons) with elaborate columns, statues, and friezes, and a large, ornate stage building that provided a stunning backdrop for performances. The theatre's enduring legacy is evident in its continued use today for the annual Mérida Classical Theatre Festival, which brings ancient dramas to life in a setting that has captivated audiences for over two millennia.

The prominence of Mérida during Roman times and the enduring legacy of the Teatro Romano highlight the city's pivotal role in the cultural and political life of the Roman Empire. These historical treasures continue to draw visitors from around the world, offering a glimpse into the grandeur of ancient Rome and the enduring power of its architectural and cultural achievements.

The Iglesia de Santa María del Naranco and the Church of San Miguel de Lillo: Architectural Marvels of the Asturian Kingdom

The church of San Miguel de Lillo.

Perched on the lush slopes of Monte Naranco, overlooking the city of Oviedo, stand two extraordinary monuments of early medieval architecture: the Iglesia de Santa María del Naranco and the Church of San Miguel de Lillo. Constructed during the reign of King Ramiro I in the mid-9th century, these structures offer profound insights into the cultural and political landscape of the Asturian Kingdom, a bastion of Christian resistance during the Reconquista. 

Iglesia de Santa María del Naranco: Originally built in 848 AD as a royal palace for King Ramiro I, this building was later consecrated as a church. It reflects the Asturian Kingdom's response to the turmoil and cultural exchanges of the time. The structure's sophisticated design, featuring ribbed barrel vaults, grand arcades, and intricate relief sculptures, illustrates a period of relative stability and artistic flourishing. The architectural style combines elements of late Roman and Visigothic traditions with innovative Asturian features, highlighting a unique blend of influences during a time when the kingdom was consolidating its identity amidst external threats.

The church of San Miguel de Lillo: Situated nearby, this church also commissioned by King Ramiro I, served as a royal chapel. Despite being partially in ruins, San Miguel de Lillo retains its historical significance and showcases the architectural ingenuity of the era. The church's three-aisled basilica layout, adorned with horseshoe arches and intricate carvings, demonstrates the continuation and evolution of pre-Romanesque art forms. The detailed frescoes and sculptural work reveal a sophisticated understanding of religious iconography and artistic expression, reflecting the spiritual and cultural aspirations of the Asturian people.

Built during a period marked by both conflict and cultural synthesis, the Iglesia de Santa María del Naranco and the Church of San Miguel de Lillo stand as enduring symbols of the Asturian Kingdom's resilience and artistic achievements. These architectural marvels not only encapsulate the spirit of their time but also offer a timeless legacy of Spain's medieval heritage.

Iglesia de Santa María del Naranco.

Cadiz (Spain)

Cadiz, where sun-kissed shores unfold,
History's tale in your streets is told.
Phoenician cradle by the sea,
A timeless dance of history.

Cathedral spires grace the sky,
Where Gothic whispers never die.
In Carnival's joy, spirits entwine,
A celebration, so divine.

Moorish echoes, Christian hymn,
In your heart, cultures swim.
Oh, Cadiz, resilient and bright,
In your embrace, history takes flight.

Salamanca's beautiful ex-voto paintings

The statue of Santa Maria la Blanca surrounded by ex-voto paintings by José Sánchez.

The Old Cathedral of Salamanca houses a remarkable collection of original ex-voto paintings around the statue of Santa Maria la Blanca (14th century). The paintings depicte miracles attributed to Salamanca’s Christ of the Battles. Created by the little-known artist José Sánchez, also known as Jusepe Sánchez de Velasco, these paintings date back to the early 17th century. Comprising eighteen scenes arranged in two tiers, the ex-votos showcase the divine interventions experienced by the local inhabitants.

Despite their historical significance, these paintings have largely escaped the attention of scholars of Spanish Baroque art. Nevertheless, they offer a fascinating glimpse into the religious fervor of the era. Each scene is meticulously painted, featuring classical architectural elements separating the narratives of miracles performed by the Christ of the Battles.

Christ of the Battles

Church of San Martín (Frómista, Spain)

In Frómista's heart, a timeless tale unfolds,
Where French Way's pilgrims wander, young and old.
Since twelfth century's dawn, it stands in pride,
In Calixtino Codex, its name doth abide.

From humble monastery, Frómista's soul arose,
Born of Sancho's widow, in tranquil repose.
A beacon of faith, in Castilla's embrace,
San Martín's legacy, a sacred grace.

For decades, craftsmen toiled with care,
Building Romanesque beauty, beyond compare.
In nineteen hundred's dawn, a restoration divine,
Preserved its splendor, for all time.

San Martín de Frómista, a jewel of old,
With walls that whisper tales, untold.
In its hallowed halls, echoes of the past,
Speak of pilgrims' journeys, that forever last.

Oh, San Martín, your beauty transcends,
A testament to faith, that never ends.
From humble beginnings, to grandeur untold,
In Fromista's heart, your story unfolds.

So let us raise our voices high,
In praise of San Martín, reaching the sky.
For in its walls, history's echo rings,
A timeless tribute, to sacred things.