Charlemagne (747 - 814)

A statue of Charlemagne (Aachen, Germany).

Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, was a pivotal figure in European history, reigning as King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 800 until his death in 814. His rule marked a significant period of transformation and consolidation in medieval Europe. Charlemagne's empire, which spanned much of Western and Central Europe, laid the foundations for the modern states of France and Germany, earning him the title "Father of Europe."

Charlemagne's importance to Europe is multifaceted. He was a key proponent of the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, culture, and learning based on classical models, which had a lasting impact on European intellectual life. His efforts in education, including the establishment of schools and promotion of literacy, fostered a cultural revival that helped shape the medieval European identity.

Politically, Charlemagne's consolidation of territories and his coronation as Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD symbolized the unification of Christian Europe under a single ruler, setting a precedent for the Holy Roman Empire. His administrative reforms, including the use of local counts and the establishment of a royal court system, provided a more unified and efficient governance structure.

Charlemagne's legacy endures through his contributions to European political, cultural, and educational development, making him a central figure in the shaping of medieval Europe and its subsequent evolution.

The Rietveld Schröder House (Utrecht, The Netherlands)

The Rietveld Schröder House (1924) in Utrecht (The Netherlands)

The Rietveld Schröder House, a famous 100-year-old modernist masterpiece, was designed in 1924 by the Dutch architect Gerrit Rietveld in collaboration with Truus Schröder-Schräder. This iconic house, located in Utrecht, the Netherlands, embodies the principles of the De Stijl movement, which aimed for a radical reform of art and architecture through abstraction and a limited color scheme of primary colors, black, white, and gray. The Rietveld Schröder House is especially known for its innovative open floor plan and flexible interior walls, allowing for unprecedented freedom in the use of space. The design breaks with traditional architectural conventions by emphasizing horizontal and vertical lines and using functional aesthetics. In 2000, this groundbreaking building was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, recognizing its significant influence on the development of modern architecture.

Erasmus Bridge, Rotterdam (The Netherlands)

The Erasmus Bridge, a striking feat of modern engineering and design, stands as an iconic symbol of Rotterdam's dynamic spirit and forward-thinking ethos. Spanning the majestic waters of the Nieuwe Maas River, this architectural marvel links the northern and southern halves of the city, serving not only as a vital transportation artery but also as a captivating landmark that defines Rotterdam's skyline.

Named after the renowned Dutch philosopher Desiderius Erasmus, the bridge embodies the city's commitment to innovation and progress while honoring its rich cultural heritage. Designed by the esteemed architect Ben van Berkel, the Erasmus Bridge's sleek and elegant profile has earned it the affectionate nickname "The Swan" among locals, owing to its graceful, sweeping curves.

Inaugurated in 1996, the Erasmus Bridge has since become a beloved emblem of Rotterdam, attracting visitors from around the world who come to admire its distinctive silhouette and panoramic views of the city's bustling harbor.

Santiago's Arm Relic in Roermond (The Netherlands) 

Along the Camino, where pilgrims tread,
Santiago's relic, by faith is led.
In Roermond's cathedral, a treasure rare,
Guiding the faithful with tender care.

A symbol of journey, through trials untold,
Santiago's arm, a beacon bold.
In the heart of the cathedral's embrace,
Seekers find solace, in its sacred space.

Oh Santiago, guide us along the way,
In Roermond's sanctuary, forever stay.
Your relic whispers tales of old,
On the Camino, where stories unfold.

Saint Christopher’s Cathedral in Roermond

Natural History Museum, London

Nestled in the heart of London, the Natural History Museum stands as a majestic testament to the wonders of the natural world. Founded in 1881, this iconic institution has captivated visitors for generations with its vast collections, cutting-edge research, and awe-inspiring exhibits.

Home to over 80 million specimens spanning billions of years of Earth's history, the museum offers a journey through time and space, from the dawn of life to the present day. Its halls teem with fossils, minerals, plants, animals, and artifacts, each telling a story of evolution, adaptation, and ecological diversity.

Beyond its role as a custodian of natural treasures, the Natural History Museum is a hub of scientific inquiry and discovery. Its team of researchers and experts delve into the mysteries of the natural world, uncovering new species, unraveling ancient ecosystems, and addressing pressing environmental challenges.

With its grand architecture, immersive exhibits, and commitment to education and conservation, the Natural History Museum invites visitors to explore, discover, and marvel at the beauty and complexity of our planet's rich tapestry of life.

Mantellisaurus found on the Isle of Wight, Natural History Museum, London.

Tower Bridge, London

In the heart of London, where the River Thames weaves its way through the bustling cityscape, stands an iconic symbol of Victorian engineering and architectural brilliance – the Tower Bridge. But the story of this majestic structure is more than just a tale of steel and stone; it's a narrative of ambition, innovation, and the spirit of a nation.

It was the late 19th century, a time when London was rapidly expanding, and its bustling streets were becoming choked with traffic. The need for a new bridge across the Thames, one that wouldn't impede the passage of ships, became apparent. The challenge was immense – how to construct a bridge that could accommodate both road and river traffic while maintaining the majestic skyline of the city.

In 1876, a competition was launched to design a bridge that would span the Thames near the Tower of London, hence its eventual name. Many architects and engineers submitted their proposals, but it was the design of Sir Horace Jones, the City Architect, in collaboration with John Wolfe Barry, that captured the imagination of Londoners and ultimately won the competition.

Construction began in 1886, and for eight years, thousands of workers toiled tirelessly to bring Sir Horace Jones' vision to life. The bridge's distinctive feature, its bascules, or drawbridges, were engineered to lift to allow tall ships to pass through, a marvel of Victorian engineering. The two massive towers that anchor the bridge were constructed using over 70,000 tons of concrete and clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone, lending the structure its iconic appearance.

Finally, on June 30, 1894, the Tower Bridge was officially opened by the Prince of Wales, marking a new chapter in London's history. It quickly became a symbol of the city's strength and ingenuity, admired by Londoners and visitors alike.

Over the years, the Tower Bridge has stood witness to countless historic events, from royal processions to the ravages of war. During World War II, its bascules were raised over a thousand times to allow ships to pass safely, earning it the nickname "London's wartime bridge."

Today, the Tower Bridge stands not only as a vital transportation artery connecting the north and south banks of the Thames but also as a beloved symbol of London's rich history and enduring resilience. Its iconic silhouette against the city skyline serves as a reminder of the ingenuity and determination of those who built it, a testament to the enduring spirit of London.

Ptaha: A Choir of Resilience and Heritage

In the wake of the brutal Russian invasion, a group of courageous women who fled Ukraine found solace and strength in music. Brought together in Roermond by Peter Driessen, these women formed the choir Ptaha, a name that symbolizes their journey and resilience. Ptaha, meaning "bird" in Ukrainian, aptly represents their spirit of freedom and the beauty of their homeland's culture.

Specializing in Ukrainian folk music, Ptaha brings to life the rich, melodic traditions of their country. Their performances are deeply evocative, often accompanied by the hauntingly beautiful sounds of the bandura, a traditional Ukrainian instrument. This combination of vocal and instrumental music not only preserves their cultural heritage but also creates a poignant reminder of the homeland they had to leave behind.

For the members of Ptaha, the choir is more than just a musical ensemble; it is a sanctuary. Amidst the chaos and trauma of displacement, singing together provides a crucial sense of community and emotional relief. The shared act of making music helps them maintain their mental well-being, offering moments of joy and connection during these incredibly challenging times.

Through their performances, Ptaha not only honors the traditions of Ukraine but also embodies the resilience and hope of its people. Their songs tell stories of love, loss, and the enduring spirit of a nation, resonating with audiences and providing a powerful testament to the strength and solidarity of the Ukrainian community.

The Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse in Lisieux (France)

The Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse in Lisieux is a prominent Catholic pilgrimage site located in the town of Lisieux, Normandy, France. Constructed in honor of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (1873 - 1897), also known as the "Little Flower," the basilica serves as a place of reverence and devotion for believers from around the world.

Designed by architect Louis Marie Cordonnier, construction of the basilica began in 1929 and was completed in 1954. The basilica's architectural style is neo-Byzantine, characterized by its towering spires, intricate mosaics, and vibrant stained glass windows. Its grandeur reflects the profound impact of Saint Thérèse's spirituality and teachings on the Catholic faithful.

Inside the basilica, visitors are greeted by a serene atmosphere filled with the scent of incense and the soft murmur of prayers. The sanctuary houses relics of Saint Thérèse, including her remains, and serves as a place of pilgrimage for those seeking healing, guidance, and spiritual renewal.

The Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse stands as a symbol of the enduring legacy of Saint Thérèse and her "little way" of love and simplicity. It continues to attract pilgrims and tourists alike, offering a sacred space for reflection, prayer, and encounter with the divine.

The Hakendover Horse Procession

Traditionally, on Easter Monday, the international horse procession takes place in the Hakendover (Belgium). The procession originated from the founding legend of the Church of the Divine Savior. Every year, more than 20,000 pilgrims and spectators flock to the Flemish Brabant village, making the Hakendover horse procession the third largest procession in the country. Believers and spectators come mainly from Flanders, Walloon Brabant, and the Dutch province of Brabant. Since 1890, Dutch pilgrims have been visiting Hakendover because processions were long forbidden in The Netherlands.

The horse procession starts after the high mass and depicts the founding legend of the church. Hundreds of riders and thousands of pilgrims accompany the 14th-century image of the Divine Savior through the streets of Hakendover, across the fields, to the altar on the ‘Tiense Berg’. They form a colorful procession full of extras, schoolchildren, associations, statues, brass bands, singing people, and horses. Once they arrive, the ground, pilgrims, horses, and riders are blessed. As the highlight, the horses gallop around the altar and the pilgrims three times because legend has it that the trampled ground will yield rich fruits.

The impressive horse gallop attracts many spectators. It is breathtaking to see how riders and horses make their way through the dust or the splashing mud. At the start of the procession, the spectators eagerly join the parade. They want to be in time at the Tiense Berg to see the gallop. Only when riders, horses, and procession participants return to the paved road does the procession calm down. Then the spectators stand on the side of the road to enjoy the passing spectacle.

Aachen Cathedral

A bronze replica of the Aachen Cathedral.

The Aachen Cathedral, also known as the Dom of Aachen, stands as a monumental testament to the rich history and cultural heritage of Europe. Located in Aachen, Germany, this architectural marvel was commissioned by Charlemagne in the late 8th century and consecrated in 805 AD. The cathedral is renowned for its distinctive blend of Carolingian, Gothic, and Ottonian architectural styles, reflecting the diverse historical epochs it has witnessed.

Aachen Cathedral holds immense significance for Europe, both historically and symbolically. It was the coronation site for German kings for nearly 600 years, from 936 to 1531, making it a central location for medieval European political power. Furthermore, it houses the Palatine Chapel, an outstanding example of Carolingian architecture, which served as Charlemagne's palace chapel and his final resting place. The Palatine Chapel's octagonal design have influenced the architectural landscape of medieval Europe, marking Aachen Cathedral as a crucible of cultural and artistic development.

The Dom of Aachen is also a place of profound religious importance. It became a major pilgrimage site in the Middle Ages, known for its relics and the legendary "Marienschrein" (Shrine of Mary) containing relics of Jesus’ crucifixtion. Today, the cathedral is not only a significant religious site but also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its historical, architectural, and cultural value.

In essence, the Dom of Aachen is more than a mere building; it is a symbol of European unity, heritage, and continuity, embodying the continent's history. Its enduring legacy continues to draw visitors and scholars, reflecting the profound impact it has had on shaping European identity.

The Magic of Culture Night in Roermond

Impressions of Culture Night 2024 in Roermond.

Around the longest day of the year, Roermond hosts Culture Night, a lively celebration that transforms the city into a hub of creativity with music, dance, art, and joy. This enchanting event invites attendees to explore Roermond's artistic and cultural offerings in one unforgettable evening. Local and regional artists, musicians, and performers create delightful encounters as you wander through the city. Shop owners convert their stores into unique exhibition spaces, filling every corner with artistic energy. A highlight of the night is a world-class classical concert in the historic Munsterkerk, adding a touch of grandeur to the experience. Culture Night is more than an event; it's a celebration of Roermond's heart and soul, promising an evening of discovery, creativity, and enjoyment.

'Kermis' and its nobility in Roermond (The Netherlands)

Roermond’s ‘Kermis’ 2024.

The "kermis" is a lively and cherished fair tradition in the Netherlands, with roots that stretch back to medieval times. Originating from the term "kerk" (church) and "mis" (mass), the kermis began as a religious celebration marking the consecration day of a church. These events featured a mix of religious ceremonies, masses, and community festivities. Over the centuries, the religious significance of kermis gradually waned, evolving into a secular event characterized by amusement rides, games, food stalls, and entertainment.

In Roermond, a historic city in the Dutch province of Limburg, the kermis holds a special place in local tradition. Roermond's kermis blends traditional fair elements with the city's rich cultural heritage, highlighting local customs and community spirit. This event remains a vibrant part of Roermond’s cultural calendar, drawing visitors from near and far to experience its festive atmosphere and historical significance.

An unique aspect of Roermond’s kermis is the concept of "kermisadel" or "kermis nobility," introduced by Roermond journalist Piet Tummers (1919-2005). Tummers used the term to compare the city's prominent noble families with successful local fair operators who built impressive homes and monuments, forming a distinguished "kermis nobility." In the mid-19th century, Roermond attracted industrialists, artists, and musicians from the Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium. Among these were Nicolas Xhaflaire and Catharina Bovy, who transitioned from peddling to the fair business around 1830 and established a kermis dynasty in Roermond.

Their descendants, such as Laurentius Xhaflaire and Margaretha Xhaflaire, who married into other fair families, continued to innovate and expand the fair industry. Jean Wolfs, for instance, introduced one of the first steam-driven carousels in the Netherlands. His descendants, like Gerard Wolfs, furthered the family’s success with luxurious homes and new fair attractions. The Van Bergen brothers, another branch of this kermisadel, founded the Royal Theaters in Roermond and Heerlen, showcasing their entrepreneurial spirit.

The kermis in the Catholic South of the Netherlands, including Roermond, retains its historical significance as a time of communal celebration and cultural heritage, reflecting a rich history, family ties, and local pride.

Impressions from Roermond’s ‘Kermis’ in 2024.

The Culture of Radio Amateurs

John and his wife Cecile, on their quest of finding interference free locations to enjoy radio communication (Beesel, The Netherlands).

In a world dominated by instant digital communication, ham radio enthusiasts—known as radio amateurs—continue to value the art and science of radio communication. They celebrate their unique culture through the exchange of QSL cards, which confirm their radio contacts and symbolize personal connections across distances. Despite a decline in new participants due to the convenience of the internet, these operators remain committed, often seeking remote locations to optimize reception and ensure high-quality connections.

Ham radio operators use amateur radio frequencies to connect globally. The cherished tradition of QSL cards, which often include call signs, contact details, and personal touches, serves as confirmation of contact, cultural exchange, and collectibles.

The rise of the internet, with its ease and reliability, has led to a decline in ham radio participants, especially among younger generations. Nevertheless, enthusiasts persist in their passion, often seeking remote sites to reduce electronic interference and benefit from optimal conditions for radio wave propagation.

Ham radio, with its rich history and unique culture, continues to captivate enthusiasts. Through education, innovation, and a commitment to tradition, ham radio can continue to inspire and connect people in unique ways, even in the face of modern technological challenges.

Erwin with his radio next to his camper van (Beesel, The Netherlands).

Vintage QSL cards. Including one by King Hussein (Jordan), and one by the radio station at the International Space Station.

Rollo, 911, Normandy, and The Epte River (France)

The Epte in Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, the place where the treaty was signed (France).

Rollo, a Viking leader, emerged as a pivotal figure in Normandy's history during the late 9th century. Known for his daring raids along the Frankish coastline during the Viking Age, Rollo's leadership and ferocity earned him notoriety. In 911, after years of conflict, Rollo negotiated with King Charles the Simple of West Francia, seeking an end to the raids. Recognizing Rollo's military prowess, King Charles offered him land along the lower Seine River, formalizing the agreement in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. In exchange, Rollo pledged loyalty to the king, embraced Christianity, and integrated with the local population. Becoming the first Duke of Normandy, Rollo laid the groundwork for Norman-Frankish relations and began blending Norse and Frankish cultures. His rule established the foundation for Norman prosperity, with his descendants, including William the Conqueror, leaving a lasting impact on European history. Rollo's life and the treaty are integral to Norman history, shaping the region's political, social, and cultural landscape for centuries.

Ronda (Spain)

Puente Nuevo, Ronda.

Perched majestically atop towering cliffs that plunge dramatically into the El Tajo gorge, the city of Ronda in southern Spain stands as a testament to centuries of history, culture, and breathtaking natural beauty. Located in the province of Málaga, in the region of Andalusia, Ronda is renowned for its stunning vistas, rich Moorish heritage, and historic landmarks.

Dating back to Roman times, Ronda boasts a legacy that spans millennia, evident in its well-preserved architecture, winding cobblestone streets, and ancient bridges. The iconic Puente Nuevo, or "New Bridge," spanning the gorge, is a symbol of the city's resilience and architectural prowess, offering unparalleled views of the rugged landscape below.

Ronda's charming old town is a labyrinth of whitewashed buildings, hidden plazas, and historic sites, including the Moorish-era Alcazaba fortress and the Arab Baths, remnants of its Islamic past. Meanwhile, the Plaza de Toros, one of Spain's oldest bullrings, provides insight into the country's storied bullfighting tradition.

But Ronda is not merely a city frozen in time; it is also a vibrant center of culture, gastronomy, and outdoor adventure. Visitors can savor traditional Andalusian cuisine in quaint tapas bars, explore the region's renowned wine country, or embark on scenic hikes through the surrounding mountains and valleys.

With its timeless allure and captivating vistas, Ronda invites travelers to step back in time and immerse themselves in the rich tapestry of Andalusian history and culture, making it a must-visit destination for those seeking an unforgettable Spanish experience.

Salamanca's beautiful ex-voto paintings

The statue of Santa Maria la Blanca surrounded by ex-voto paintings by José Sánchez.

The Old Cathedral of Salamanca houses a remarkable collection of original ex-voto paintings around the statue of Santa Maria la Blanca (14th century). The paintings depicte miracles attributed to Salamanca’s Christ of the Battles. Created by the little-known artist José Sánchez, also known as Jusepe Sánchez de Velasco, these paintings date back to the early 17th century. Comprising eighteen scenes arranged in two tiers, the ex-votos showcase the divine interventions experienced by the local inhabitants.

Despite their historical significance, these paintings have largely escaped the attention of scholars of Spanish Baroque art. Nevertheless, they offer a fascinating glimpse into the religious fervor of the era. Each scene is meticulously painted, featuring classical architectural elements separating the narratives of miracles performed by the Christ of the Battles.

Christ of the Battles

Douaumont Ossuary (France)

The Douaumont Ossuary stands as a solemn sentinel overlooking the verdant hills of northeastern France, near the village of Douaumont. This monumental structure serves as a poignant tribute to the fallen soldiers of one of the bloodiest battles in human history – the Battle of Verdun during World War I. Completed in 1932, the ossuary houses the skeletal remains of over 130,000 French and German soldiers who perished in the relentless carnage of Verdun. Its somber architecture, with its towering spire and austere interior, invites visitors to reflect on the staggering toll of war and to honor the memory of those who sacrificed their lives in the defense of their nations. As a testament to resilience and remembrance, the Douaumont Ossuary stands as a symbol of peace amidst the scars of conflict, reminding us of the enduring importance of preserving the lessons of history.

On the Origin of the Dutch Word for Snapshot: "Kiekje"

Group of Students, by J.D. Kiek (1880), owned by Prentenkabinet Leiden, copied from Nederlandse Fotografie, de eerste honderd jaar, Claude Magelhaes, 1969.

The Dutch word for a low quality snapshot is: "Kiekje". The word originates from Leiden, where it were students at the end of the 19th century that frequently bothered the photographer Israel David Kiek to have a group portrait made. (This frequently happened at nightly hours.) The students, referring to the resulting pictures as "Kiekjes", treated the pictures as kind of trophies of their partying lifestyle. The quality of the "Kiekjes" suffered clearly from the intoxicated condition of the subjects, the nightly hour as well as the lack of quality control in the process of Mr. Kiek. Now, in the 21st century, the word has become part of the common vocabulary of the Dutch language. It has the connotations of an amateurish photograph showing friends and family. It is remarkable that almost everyone uses the term without ever having heard about Mr. Kiek.

Saint Leonard's Church, Zoutleeuw (Belgium)

The Church of Saint Leonard in Zoutleeuw, Belgium, is a remarkable example of Brabantine Gothic architecture and holds significant historical and cultural importance. Constructed between the 13th and 16th centuries, the church stands as a testament to the wealth and power of Zoutleeuw during the Middle Ages.

The church's exterior is characterized by its imposing tower, rising over 50 meters tall, adorned with intricately carved sculptures and decorative elements. The tower serves as a prominent landmark in the town and can be seen from miles around.

Inside, the Church of Saint Leonard boasts a stunning array of medieval art and architecture. Visitors are greeted by a spacious nave supported by sturdy columns, with soaring vaulted ceilings overhead. The church is adorned with magnificent stained glass windows, depicting biblical scenes and saints, and intricate stone carvings adorn the walls and pillars.

One of the most notable features of the church is its rich collection of religious artwork, including altarpieces, sculptures, and paintings. The highlight is undoubtedly the masterpiece altarpiece by Flemish artist Jan van Dornicke, depicting the life of Saint Leonard.