The Segunda Biblia de Pamplona. A Medieval Treasure
An illustration from the Segunda Biblia de Pamplona (12th century) depicting:
Joshua 10, 12-13: On the day the Lord gave the Amorites over to Israel, Joshua said to the Lord in the presence of Israel: “Sun, stand still over Gibeon, and you, moon, over the Valley of Aijalon.” So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till the nation avenged itself on its enemies.
Joshua 10, 26: Then Joshua put the kings to death and exposed their bodies on five poles, and they were left hanging on the poles until evening.
In the heart of medieval Spain, in the kingdom of Navarre, a masterpiece of unparalleled beauty was created: the Segunda Biblia de Pamplona. More than just a religious text, this illuminated manuscript is a time capsule that transports us to a world of faith, art, and royal grandeur.
Commissioned by a member of the Navarrese royal family, this Bible is a testament to the patronage of the arts during the Middle Ages. The manuscript's intricate details and high quality reflect the skills of the artisans who created it.
The most striking feature of the Segunda Biblia de Pamplona is its collection of beautifully painted miniatures depicting biblical scenes. These illustrations are not only visually stunning but also provide valuable insights into the religious beliefs and artistic techniques of the time.
Created in the 12th century, this manuscript is a prime example of Romanesque art. Today, it resides in a private collection and is considered one of the most significant illuminated Bibles in existence.
One of the biblical stories depicted in the Segunda Biblia de Pamplona is the tale of Joshua and the conquest of Canaan. This dramatic narrative, where Joshua calls upon God to make the sun and moon stand still, is a testament to the power of faith and the divine intervention in human affairs.
The Sun Also Rises, Burguete (Spain)
Burguete, Navarre (Spain).
Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" (1926) is highly relevant today amidst the conflicts in Gaza, Lebanon and Ukraine. This is due to its exploration of themes like disillusionment, trauma, and the search for meaning in (the aftermath of) war. The novel's portrayal of characters grappling with the psychological scars of World War I resonates with the experiences of individuals affected by modern conflicts, who face similar struggles with loss, mental health, and existential uncertainty.
In the story, the village of Burguete serves as a serene retreat for the main character, Jake Barnes, and his friend Bill Gorton. Their time in Burguete, characterized by peaceful fishing trips and reflective conversations, provides a temporary escape from the chaos and emotional turmoil of their lives. This interlude highlights the human need for moments of respite and healing, even amidst the ongoing struggles and complexities brought about by war.
The Peace of Münster (1648)
The Ratification of the Spanish-Dutch Treaty of Münster, 15 May 1648.
The Peace of Münster, signed in 1648, ended the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic and was part of the larger Peace of Westphalia, concluding the Thirty Years' War. This treaty marked the formal recognition of the Dutch Republic's independence by Spain.
The Eighty Years' War began in 1568 as a revolt against Spanish rule. Over the decades, it became a prolonged struggle for Dutch independence, marked by intense battles and significant losses. By the early 17th century, the desire for peace grew due to the ongoing devastation.
Formal negotiations started in 1646 in Münster, Germany, involving various European powers. The Dutch and the Spanish representatives engaged in complex and lengthy discussions. Key issues included recognizing Dutch independence, ending hostilities, and establishing territorial boundaries.
The Peace of Münster was signed on January 30, 1648, and ratified in May. It was a monumental diplomatic achievement, ending Spanish sovereignty over Dutch territories and allowing the Dutch Republic to focus on rebuilding and expanding its trade networks. The treaty also addressed the return of occupied territories, the release of prisoners, trade rights, and future relations between Spain and the Dutch Republic.
The Peace of Münster, as part of the Peace of Westphalia, had lasting implications for European politics, marking the start of a new era of state sovereignty and balance of power. It remains a significant milestone in the history of international relations.
Historical City Hall of Münster (Münster, Germany), the place where the treaty was ratified.
Maria, Sterre der Zee, Stella Maris (Maastricht, The Netherlands)
Maria, Sterre der Zee (Maastricht).
The "Maria, Sterre der Zee" procession on October 10th in Maastricht is a cherished tradition, honoring the Virgin Mary under the title "Star of the Sea." This annual event draws worshippers and pilgrims to celebrate Mary’s protective role over the city, symbolizing hope, guidance, and refuge. The tradition dates back centuries, with Maastricht’s faithful attributing their devotion to Mary as a source of blessings and miracles, especially for those who seek protection during life’s journeys.
The title "Sterre der Zee" (Star of the Sea) originates from Saint Jerome’s translation of the Bible in the 4th century. In his Latin Vulgate, he referred to Mary as "Stella Maris," a term that underscores her role as a spiritual compass for Christians, much like stars have long been used to guide sailors across treacherous waters. This metaphor of Mary as a guiding star became one of her most enduring titles in Catholic tradition.
The name also has deeper roots beyond Christianity. Scholars often draw parallels between Mary and the Egyptian goddess Isis, who was similarly revered as a protector of sailors and depicted with celestial imagery. Another significant connection lies with Venus, the "Morning Star" and "Evening Star," a planet that has symbolized guidance and light through the ages. The blending of these ancient symbols with Christian devotion to Mary enriches the meaning of "Sterre der Zee," linking her to an enduring legacy of hope and guidance from both pagan and biblical traditions.
In Maastricht’s procession, these layers of history and symbolism are celebrated, uniting past and present devotion in an event that honors Mary as a spiritual light for all.
Maastricht’s Sterre der Zee procession (October 10th).
Bluefin tuna fishing in Tarifa (Spain)
Tarifa, situated at the southernmost tip of Spain, is renowned for its rich fishing heritage, particularly bluefin tuna fishing. This region benefits from its unique geographical position, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean, creating ideal conditions for a diverse marine ecosystem. Bluefin tuna, a highly prized species, has been a cornerstone of Tarifa's fishing industry for centuries.
The traditional method of bluefin tuna fishing in Tarifa is known as "almadraba," a technique that dates back to Phoenician times. This sustainable method involves setting nets in the migration paths of tuna, allowing for selective and efficient capture. Modern practices in Tarifa continue to honor these ancient techniques while incorporating sustainable practices to ensure the preservation of tuna populations.
Zeldenrust Windmill (Dokkum, The Netherlands)
The Zeldenrust windmill in Dokkum.
The Zeldenrust windmill is a historic gem gracing the charming town of Dokkum, Friesland. For centuries, this iconic structure has been a vital part of the local community, reflecting the Netherlands' rich windmill heritage. Originally built in the 18th century, Zeldenrust was a bustling corn mill, grinding grain into flour to feed the population.
Beyond its practical function, the windmill was a symbol of prosperity and engineering prowess. Skilled millers harnessed wind power to operate the heavy millstones, a demanding yet essential task. Today, Zeldenrust stands as a cherished monument, offering visitors a glimpse into the past and a deep appreciation for Dutch craftsmanship.
Charles III of Navarre and Eleanor of Castile
Charles III of Navarre (1361 – 1425) and Eleanor of Castile (1363 – 1415), a powerful royal duo, are eternally united in the grand tomb within Pamplona Cathedral. Their shared final resting place symbolizes the intertwining of their lives and the significant roles they played in shaping the history of Navarre and Castile. Charles, known as "the Noble," focused on diplomacy and internal stability, while Eleanor, a Castilian princess, brought strategic alliances and cultural influence to Navarre. Together, they fostered a period of prosperity and left an enduring legacy, commemorated in the majestic tomb that stands as a testament to their historical importance.
Alsace's Culinary Delights
A shopwindow with Alsatian specialties in Ribeauville (France).
The Alsace region in northeastern France is renowned for its rich culinary heritage, blending French and German influences to create a unique and flavorful cuisine. Known for hearty dishes and exquisite wines, Alsace offers a wide array of delicacies that reflect its diverse history and deep-rooted gastronomic traditions.
One of the most famous Alsatian specialties is choucroute garnie, a dish of fermented cabbage (sauerkraut) typically served with a variety of meats such as sausages, pork knuckles, and bacon. Another iconic dish is flammekueche (or tarte flambée), a thin, crispy flatbread topped with crème fraîche, onions, and lardons, resembling a pizza.
Alsace is also celebrated for its foie gras, a delicacy made from the liver of a fattened duck or goose, which is often served as a luxurious appetizer. Baeckeoffe, a hearty casserole of marinated meats (pork, beef, and lamb) slow-cooked with potatoes, onions, and white wine, is another traditional dish that showcases the region's love for comforting, slow-cooked meals.
Alsace’s wines, particularly Riesling and Gewürztraminer, pair perfectly with these regional dishes, adding a refreshing balance to the rich flavors of the cuisine. From savory meats to delicate pastries like the spiced pain d’épices (gingerbread), Alsace’s delicacies offer a taste of the region’s history and traditions, making it a gastronomic treasure of France.
Ommelebommelstién (Urk, The Netherlands)
De Vroemoêr (The Midwife), by Piet Brouwer.
About 70 meters from the shore of Urk lies a massive boulder in the IJsselmeer. This boulder was transported from Scandinavia to Urk during the Ice Age. The stone holds significant importance for the people of Urk. According to legend, Urk children do not arrive by stork; instead, they come from this 'Ommelebommelstién'.
When a child is about to be born, an expectant father must row out to the stone and, upon payment, receive his child there. The legend adds a whimsical detail: boys are twice as expensive as girls. This charming tale is deeply ingrained in local folklore and highlights the unique cultural heritage of Urk. The ‘Ommelebommelstién’ serves as a symbol of the town's connection to its past and the enduring nature of its traditions.
Heiliger Sand (Worms, Germany)
Heiliger Sand (Worms).
The Jewish Cemetery in Worms, known as Heiliger Sand, is one of the oldest in Europe, dating back to the 11th century. It stands as a testament to the long and rich history of the Jewish community in Worms, which flourished from medieval times until its tragic destruction during the Holocaust. Worms was an important center of Jewish scholarship, particularly during the Middle Ages, attracting prominent rabbis and scholars, such as Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki (Rashi), who studied there. The cemetery contains graves from the 11th to the 20th centuries, including those of notable Jewish figures, and remains a symbol of Jewish cultural and religious resilience in Germany.
The Jewish community in Worms played a significant role in European Jewish life, with contributions to religious scholarship and trade. Despite facing repeated violence, e.g. during the Rhineland massacres (11th century), the community persisted for centuries, leaving behind a profound cultural legacy, now commemorated through sites like the cemetery and the Worms Synagogue.
The Legend of Maria Magdalena's journey to France
A triptych depicting the legend of Maria Magdalena. (15th century, Saint Leonard Church, Zoutleeuw)
The legend of Maria Magdalena's journey to France is a tale deeply entrenched in Christian tradition and folklore. According to this legend, after the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ, Maria Magdalena, along with her brother Lazarus, sister Martha, and other followers of Jesus, faced persecution in Judea.
Fleeing from the hostility of their adversaries, Maria Magdalena, Lazarus, Martha, and a group of companions, including Maximinus and Cedonius, were placed aboard a ship without a pilot. The intention was to cast them adrift at sea, with the expectation that they would perish. However, through what was believed to be the intervention of God, the ship miraculously arrived on the shores of Marseille, France.
Upon their arrival in Marseille, they found no welcome from the locals, so they took refuge in a portico near a pagan temple. Despite the inhospitable reception, Maria Magdalena boldly began preaching the Gospel, urging the people to turn away from idolatry and embrace Christianity. Her eloquence, beauty, and devotion to Christ captivated the crowds, drawing many to the Christian faith.
One notable encounter occurred when the governor and his wife sought to make offerings to pagan gods in hopes of conceiving a child. Maria Magdalena dissuaded them from their intentions, preaching to them about the one true God. Her prayers for the governor's wife to conceive were answered, further cementing her reputation as a holy figure.
However, the governor's reluctance to heed her warnings and aid the needy provoked a divine warning. Maria Magdalena appeared to the governor and his wife in a series of vivid dreams, chastising them for their indifference to the suffering of others. Fearing the wrath of God, they relented and provided assistance to Maria Magdalena and her companions.
The legend continues as Maria Magdalena and her followers embarked on a mission to spread Christianity throughout France. They traveled to various regions, performing miracles and converting multitudes to the Christian faith. Eventually, they settled in Aix, where Lazarus became the bishop of the city and Maximinus a bishop as well.
In her final years, Maria Magdalena withdrew to a remote location, where she spent thirty years in solitude, yearning for spiritual communion with God. Her legacy as a devoted follower of Christ and a powerful evangelist endured, shaping the early Christian community in France and inspiring countless believers throughout the centuries.
Les Compagnons du Devoir et du Tour de France
Students from Les Compagnons du Devoir et du Tour de France (Metz, 2024)
Les Compagnons du Devoir et du Tour de France is a renowned French organization focused on training craftsmen through a tradition of apprenticeship and mobility. The association allows young men and women to learn trades such as carpentry, masonry, leatherwork, and baking while traveling across France and internationally. It promotes values like solidarity and skill-sharing, vital to French cultural heritage. Since 2010, the guild has been included in the UNESCO register of intangible cultural heritage.
During our visit to Metz, we met students from this institute who were mastering diverse crafts, representing the living legacy of France's artisanal history.
For more, visit their website (Les Compagnons du Devoir).
Pret a Manger
Pret a Manger, South Kensington, London.
Pret a Manger, translated as "ready to eat" in French, is a sandwich shop franchise headquartered in London, United Kingdom, founded in 1983. Widely known as Pret, the chain has gained popularity both domestically and internationally. Pret has 697 locations worldwide, with a significant presence of 498 stores in the UK and 62 in the US. It also has establishments in France, Hong Kong, India, Switzerland, and eleven other countries.
Basilica of San Martiño de Mondoñedo (Spain)
The Basilica of San Martiño de Mondoñedo, located in Galicia in Spain, holds a significant place in Spanish history as one of the oldest cathedrals in the country. Its origins date back to the 9th century when it served as the seat of two bishops from the Kingdom of Galicia, one transferred from Dumio in the district of Braga, Portugal, and the other from Bretoña in the province of Lugo.
Constructed in the late 11th century in the Romanesque style, with robust buttresses added in the 18th century, the basilica has been recognized as a Cultural Heritage site since 1931 and attained the status of a minor basilica in 2007. The basilica is also home to the A Zapata fountain, where legend has it that Bishop San Gonzalo miraculously caused water to spring forth by throwing his shoe.
The history of the church traces back to the 6th century when a group of Christians fleeing Anglo-Saxon invaders settled in Galicia and established a bishopric in Bretoña. Later, in 866, the bishopric of Dumio relocated to the site of the basilica due to Moorish conquests, eventually evolving into San Martín de Mondoñedo. However, Viking raids in the mid-9th century led to the destruction of Bretoña, prompting the bishopric to move once again, this time permanently to Mondoñedo.
The basilica was home to several notable bishops, including Saint Rosendo and Bishop Gonzalo, revered for his purported miraculous interventions. In 1112, Queen Urraca ordered the transfer of the episcopal see to Vilamaior do Val de Brea, later renamed Mondoñedo, leading to the basilica's transformation into a priory affiliated with the Mondoñedo Cathedral. This measure, enacted by Pope Clement VII in 1534, aimed to curb abuses by prior commendators and ensure proper governance of the monastery. Today, the basilica stands as a testament to the enduring faith and architectural heritage of the region, inviting visitors to explore its rich history and cultural significance.
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
The Rijksmuseum stands as an iconic monument to the rich cultural heritage of the Netherlands, a treasure trove of art and history nestled in the heart of Amsterdam. With its imposing facade and sprawling galleries, it serves as a beacon for art enthusiasts, historians, and curious visitors alike, inviting them to embark on a journey through centuries of Dutch artistic expression and cultural evolution.
Established in 1800 in The Hague, the Rijksmuseum moved to its current location in Amsterdam in 1885, where it continues to captivate and inspire millions of visitors each year. Its vast collection spans over 8,000 objects, showcasing masterpieces by renowned Dutch artists such as Rembrandt, Vermeer, and Van Gogh, alongside a diverse array of artifacts, including historical costumes, Delftware, and intricate models of Dutch ships.
El Cid
El Cid’s statue in Burgos (Spain).
El Cid, born Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar around 1043 in Vivar, near Burgos, Spain, is one of the most celebrated figures in Spanish history. Known as both a revered hero and a skilled military leader, El Cid's life and legacy have been immortalized in legend and literature, most notably in the epic poem "El Cantar de Mio Cid."
Rodrigo Díaz was born into a noble Castilian family and rose to prominence as a knight under King Ferdinand I of León and Castile. His nickname, "El Cid," is derived from the Arabic title "Al-Sayyid," meaning "The Lord," reflecting the respect he commanded from both Christian and Muslim soldiers. His military prowess became evident as he fought in various campaigns, earning the trust of King Sancho II of Castile, under whom he served as a chief general.
El Cid's career, however, was marked by both triumphs and conflicts. After King Sancho's assassination, Rodrigo found himself at odds with King Alfonso VI, Sancho's brother and successor. This led to his temporary exile, during which El Cid offered his military services as a mercenary to various Muslim and Christian rulers, further enhancing his reputation as a formidable and independent warrior.
His most famous achievements came during his later years, when he captured the city of Valencia in 1094, ruling it as an independent lord until his death in 1099. El Cid's governance of Valencia was marked by a degree of tolerance and cooperation between Christians and Muslims, a reflection of the complex and multicultural society of medieval Spain.
El Cid's legacy endures as a symbol of Spanish chivalry, honor, and military skill. His life has inspired countless works of art, literature, and folklore, making him a national icon whose influence resonates even centuries after his death.
Amsterdam Gay Pride 2013
The Amsterdam Gay Pride, an annual celebration of LGBTQ+ culture and rights, has become one of the world's largest Pride events, drawing thousands of visitors to Amsterdam each summer. Originating in the 1970s with grassroots demonstrations, it has evolved into a showcase of diversity and inclusion. Featuring parades, parties, and educational initiatives, the Pride celebration highlights LGBTQ+ identity and promotes unity. At its core is the Canal Parade, symbolizing acceptance and empowerment. Serving as a platform for activism, the event addresses issues of rights and discrimination.
Mérida: A Pillar of Roman Hispania
The ‘Teatro Romano’ of Mérida.
Mérida, known as Emerita Augusta during Roman times, stands as a remarkable testament to the grandeur and sophistication of Roman civilization in Hispania. Founded in 25 BC by Emperor Augustus, Mérida quickly became one of the most important cities in the Roman Empire, serving as the capital of the province of Lusitania. Its strategic location and the wealth of monumental architecture left behind highlight the city's historical significance and its role as a cultural and administrative hub.
Importance of Mérida in Roman Times: Mérida was established as a retirement settlement for veteran soldiers of the legions that had fought in the Cantabrian Wars, symbolizing peace and stability. Its design followed the classic Roman city layout, featuring a forum, temples, aqueducts, and an extensive road network that connected it to other major cities. Mérida's prosperity was further augmented by its fertile surrounding lands and its position as a key trading and administrative center. The city boasted numerous public buildings and structures that underscored its prominence, including the magnificent Teatro Romano.
The Roman Theatre of Mérida is one of the most splendid and well-preserved examples of Roman architecture in Spain. Built between 16 and 15 BC under the patronage of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a close friend and son-in-law of Emperor Augustus, the theatre could accommodate up to 6,000 spectators. It served as a central venue for the performance of classical plays, showcasing the rich cultural life of the city.
The theatre's design exemplifies Roman engineering prowess, featuring a semicircular seating arrangement (cavea) that ensured excellent acoustics, a richly decorated stage front (scaenae frons) with elaborate columns, statues, and friezes, and a large, ornate stage building that provided a stunning backdrop for performances. The theatre's enduring legacy is evident in its continued use today for the annual Mérida Classical Theatre Festival, which brings ancient dramas to life in a setting that has captivated audiences for over two millennia.
The prominence of Mérida during Roman times and the enduring legacy of the Teatro Romano highlight the city's pivotal role in the cultural and political life of the Roman Empire. These historical treasures continue to draw visitors from around the world, offering a glimpse into the grandeur of ancient Rome and the enduring power of its architectural and cultural achievements.
Lotería Nacional, Spain
In Spain, lotteries are deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric, with a rich history dating back to the early 19th century. The most iconic lottery in Spain is the "Lotería Nacional" (National Lottery), established in 1812. It's renowned for its annual Christmas draw, "El Gordo" (The Fat One), which is one of the world's largest and most anticipated lottery events.
Participating in lotteries is a widely accepted social activity in Spain, transcending socioeconomic boundaries. Families, friends, and coworkers often pool money to purchase tickets together, fostering a sense of communal excitement and camaraderie. It's common for Spaniards to gift lottery tickets during holidays and special occasions, as they are seen as symbols of luck and prosperity.
Beyond the National Lottery, Spain also hosts numerous regional and charity lotteries, each with its own unique traditions and draws. These lotteries not only provide entertainment and the chance to win substantial prizes but also contribute significantly to social causes and public infrastructure through their revenue.
Overall, lotteries in Spain serve as more than just gambling opportunities; they serve as cultural touchstones, fostering connections within communities and embodying the hope for a brighter future.
